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    Enslaved Families in Virginia and Jamaica

    This website displays research into the lives of 431 enslaved people in seven multi-generational families at Mesopotamia plantation in Jamaica and Mount Airy plantation in Virginia.

    This is their story

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    Since the 1970s, Richard S. Dunn has been tracking the 1,103 slaves who lived at Mesopotamia between 1762 and 1833, and the 973 slaves who lived at Mount Airy between 1808 and 1865. And he has reconstructed the lineages of slave families from both plantations through four or five generations.

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    In Jamaica, many more slaves died than were born, and the planters imported huge numbers of new slaves from Africa to replace the dead workers. In Virginia, the slave population doubled every twenty-five years, and the planters sold huge numbers of "surplus" slaves, or moved them to distant work sites.

    Because of these demographic conditions, the black families in Mesopotamia and Mount Airy suffered terribly, but in far different ways.

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    On this Jamaican plantation, there were 331 more slave deaths than births between 1762 and 1833. To keep sugar production going, the owners (Joseph Foster Barham I and his son Joseph Foster Barham II) acquired 415 replacements.

    The three Mesopotamia families displayed on this website were continually stunted by death.

    What was the situation like at Mount Airy?

    On this Virginia plantation, there were 293 more slave births than deaths between 1809 and 1865. The owners (John Tayloe III and his son William Henry Tayloe) utilized this population increase to move 329 people to distant work sites, and to sell 99 unwanted slaves.

    The four Mount Airy families displayed on this website were routinely broken up by movement and sale.

    But these Mount Airy families were impressively resilient under duress, and some of them became very large. Richard Dunn's hand-drawn chart of the 114 members of Sally Thurston's family is more than five feet long. See it below.

    Sally Thurston's Family

    Mount Airy Plantation, Virginia
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    114 Total People

    Mesopotamia
    Male 花猫破解版
    • Affy or Sarah Affir 花猫破解版
      • Princess Feb. 1785
      • Hagar Oct. 1788
      • Davy or David Reid Nov. 1790
      • Flora Nov. 1782 Mulatto Robert McAlpine April 1793 Abigail June 1795
        • Dido Jan. 1810
        • Ancilla Aug. 1822
        • Sarah McAlpin 花猫破解
        • Elvelina McAlpine April 1832
      • Mulatto Ann March 1796
        • Mulatto Peter Knight July 1807 Quadroon Jane Ritchie May 1814
          • Octoroon Frances Johns 1834
        • Quadroon John Bell Oct. 1816
        • Mulatto Mary 花猫破解
        • Mulatto Boy March 1824
        • Selena March 1825
        • Peter Foster Aug. 1828
      • Rodney Feb. 1798
    • Amphy Thurston 花猫破解 Sally Thurston 1780
      • John Thurston 1801
      • Tom Page 1800 Winney Thurston Page 1802
        • Alecy Page 1821
        • William Page 1823 Peggy Page 1830
          • Ruffin Page 1850
          • Chapman Page 花猫破解版
        • Henry Dixon 1826 Grace Page Dixon 1828
          • Mike Dixon 花猫破解版
          • Kitty Dixon 1851
          • Charlotte Dixon 1854
          • Louisa Dixon 1857
          • Armistead Dixon 1859
          • Joshua Dixon 1861
        • Chapman Page 1829 Abba Page 1840
          • Adam Page 花猫破解版
          • Tom Page 花猫破解版
          • Chapman Page 1864
        • Ellen Page 1831
        • Susan Page 1831
        • Israel Carrington 1822 Isadora Page Carrington 1834
          • William Carrington 1854
          • Josephine Carrington 1858
          • Richardanna Carrington 1860
      • Gowen Davis 1814 Anna Thurston Davis 1806
        • Celia 1831 Christopher Lee 1825 Sophia Dixon Lewis Lee 花猫破解版
          • Wise Lewis Lee 1856
          • Letty Lewis 1858
          • Simon Lee 1850
          • Peter Lee 1853
          • Isaac Lee 1854
          • Sophy Lee 花猫破解
        • Elijah Boswell 1841 Mary Anne Davis Boswell 花猫破解版
          • Ben Boswell 花猫破解版
      • James Thurston 1807 Winney Thurston 1818
        • Julia Thurston 1852
        • Simon Thurston 花猫破解
      • Mary Thurston 1808
      • Abram Palmer 1794 Kesiah Thurston Brown 1810 Scipio Brown 1799
        • Abram Palmer Brown 1833
        • Archy Palmer Brown 花猫破解版
        • Judy Ann Brown 1838
        • Paul Myers 1829 Eve Brown Myers 1839
          • Elias Myers 1859
          • Kesiah Myers 1861
          • Laura Ann Myers 1863
        • Hannah Brown 1842
      • Emanuel Bridget Thurston 1812
        • Sarah Thurston 1834
      • Seignor Wheeler 1795 Sarah Thurston Wheeler 1814
        • Sarah Wheeler 1833
        • Amphy Wheeler 1837 Isabella Wheeler 1840
          • Jerry Wheeler 1862
          • Jane Wheeler 1864
        • Hercules Wheeler 1839
        • Ralph Wheeler 1842
        • Jonathan Wheeler 1846
        • Isabella Wheeler 1852
      • Sam Hilliard 1816
      • Travers Hilliard 1818 Anna Marcus Hilliard 1823
        • Charles Henry Hilliard 1846
        • Sam Hilliard 1851
        • Mary Susan Hilliard 1852
        • Sarah Hilliard 花猫破解版
        • Brooke Hilliard 花猫破解版
        • Emmanuel Hilliard 花猫破解版
        • Polly Hilliard 1858
        • Perditta Hillard 1862
      • John 1810 Becky Hilliard 1820 Billy Shears 1832 Airy Yeatman 1849
        • Betty Shears
        • Nancy Shears
      • Henry Thomas 1797 Lizza 1818 Anderson Hilliard 1823 Rose Smith Hilliard 1824 Peter Thomas 1822
        • Michael Thomas 花猫破解版
        • Henry Thomas 1845
        • Mary Hilliard 1844
        • Sydney Ward 花猫破解版 Anna Hilliard Ward 1846
          • Nancy Ward 1863
          • Jane Ward 1865
        • Travers Hilliard 1848
        • Reuben Bray 花猫破解版 Ellen Hilliard 1850
        • Levinia Hilliard 1852
        • Martha Hilliard 1849
        • Boy Hilliard 1851
        • Barnaby Hilliard 1852
        • Jane Hilliard 1854
        • Sally Hilliard 1860
      • William Jane Thurston 1826
    • Israel Yeatman 1766 Franky Yeatman 1766
      • Dick Yeatman 1786 Betsy Yeatman 1777
        • Elsy Yeatman 1808
        • George Yeatman 1810 Winney Yeatman 1822
          • Charles Williams 1832 Sarah Yeatman Williams 1843
            • Catherine Williams 1863
          • Horace Yeatman 1845
          • Thomas Yeatman 1846
          • Ruffin Yeatman 1851
          • Judy Yeatman 1852
          • William Yeatman 1854
          • Marcus Yeatman 1857
          • John Yeatman 1862
          • Boy Yeatman 1863
        • Fanny Yeatman 1812
        • Fanny Smith Yeatman 1813 Joe Yeatman 花猫破解 Letty Yeatman 1820
          • Thomas Lewis 1839 Betsy Moore Lewis 1837
            • Isabella Moore 1856
            • Middleton Lewis 花猫破解版
            • Morris Lewis 1865
          • Albert Ward 1829 Leannah Lewis Ward 1843
            • Thomas Ward 花猫破解版
            • Infant Ward 花猫破解
          • Lemuel Yeatman 1836 Georgiana Yeatman 花猫破解版
            • James Dudley Yeatman 1855
          • Lewis Yeatman 1837
          • George Yeatman 1839
          • Grace Yeatman 1841
          • Billy Yeatman 1842
          • Jane Yeatman 1843
          • John Peter Coleman 1831 Betsy Yeatman Coleman 1846
          • John Yeatman 1847
          • Billy Shears 1832 Airy Yeatman 花猫破解
          • Jesse Yeatman 1852
          • Dickerson Yeatman 1855
          • Nettie Yeatman 1860
        • Richard Yeatman 1818 Sally Richardson Yeatman 1823
          • Thornton Yeatman 1840 Mary Frances Wormley Yeatman 1848
          • Peter Yeatman 1842 Catherine Thomas Yeatman 1842
            • Jeff Davis Yeatman 1861
            • Infant Yeatman 1863
          • Anne Yeatman 1845
          • Daniel Yeatman 花猫破解
          • Nancy Yeatman 花猫破解版
          • Emma Yeatman 1850
          • Etta Yeatman 1852
          • Poinsetta Yeatman 1853
          • Ella Yeatman 1856
          • Richard Yeatman 1858
          • Susan Yeatman 花猫破解
          • Infant Yeatman 1863
      • Jane Yeatman 1789
        • Kitty Yeatman 1807
        • Will Yeatman 1810
        • Mary Yeatman 1813
        • John Yeatman 1817
      • William Harwood Nancy Yeatman Carter 1791 Jacob Carter 1782
        • Richard Harwood 花猫破解
        • Anny Harwood 1809
        • Billy Harwood 花猫破解
        • Becky Harwood 1813
          • Infant Harwood 1828
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          • Elias Harwood 1834
          • Richard Harwood 1836
          • Sam Laws Nancy Harwood Laws 1838
            • Girl Laws 1856
            • Mary Jane Laws 1857
            • Sedgwick Laws 1860
            • Boy Laws 1863
          • Jane Harwood 1838
          • William Henry Harwood 1840
          • Beverly Harwood 1843
          • Betsy Harwood 1848
          • Julius Harwood 1851
          • Meta Harwood 1853
        • Harry Carter 1818
        • Thadeus Carter 1822
        • Fanny Carter 1824
        • Jacob Carter 1825
        • Yeatman Carter 1827
        • John Carter 1829
        • Jane Carter 1831
        • Ebenezer Carter 1833
      • Tom Yeatman 1800
      • Sam 1790 Fanny Yeatman 1805
      • Ralph Ward 花猫破解版 Eliza Yeatman Ward 1807
        • John Wormley 1812 Mildred Ward Wormley 1822
          • Robert Pen Glascow 1841 Felicia Wormley Glascow 1839
            • James Glascow 1865
          • Isaiah Wormley 花猫破解
          • Bill Wormley 1844
          • Albert Wormley 1845
          • Mary Frances Wormley 1848
          • Patsy Wormley 1849
          • Grace Wormley 1851
          • Ralph Wormley 1854
          • Caroline Wormley 1857
        • Norman Ward 1826
        • Albert Ward 1829
        • Sydney Ward 1830
        • Cornelius Ward 1831
        • Sydney Ward 1833 Anna Hilliard Ward 1846
          • Nancy Ward 1863
          • Jane Ward 1865
        • Eliza Ward, Jr. 1835
          • Shirley Ward 1850
          • Harry Ward 1854
          • Arabella Ward 花猫破解版
          • Kitty Ward 1860
          • Infant Ward 1863
        • Betsy Ward 1838
        • James Grimshaw 1831 Arabella Ward Grimshaw 1839
          • Sylvia Grimshaw 1862
          • Eliza Grimshaw 1864
        • John Moore 1824 Julia Dickinson Ward 花猫破解版
          • Boy 花猫破解版
        • Kitty Ward 1845
        • Ellen Ward 1849
        • Girl 1854
    • David Carrington Criss Carrington 1793
      • Mary Carrington 1816
        • Infant 1838
      • Mulatto Godfrey Carrington 1817 Amelia Richardson Carrington 1824
        • Mulatto Felicia Carrington 1839
        • Mulatto David Saunders 花猫破解版
        • Mulatto Philip Carrington 1843 Louisa Moore Carrington 1846
        • Mulatto Charles Carrington 1846
        • Mulatto James Carrington 1848
        • Travis Alexander Conway 1842 Mulatto Milly Carrington 1849
        • Brooke Carrington 1851
        • Chris Carrington 1853
        • Jacob Carrington 1856
        • Mary Carrington 1858
        • Arthur Carrington 1860
      • Tom Flood 1819 Becky Carrington Flood 花猫破解
        • Oliver Coleman 1835 Frances Flood Coleman 1839
          • Charles Coleman 1862
          • Hayes Coleman 1863
        • William Flood 1842
        • Tom Flood 1845 Frances Moore Flood 1850
        • Susan Flood 1848
        • John Flood 1851
        • Weldon Flood 1853
        • Godfrey Flood 1855
        • Virginia Flood 1857
      • Ibby Carrington 1820
      • Israel Carrington 1822 Isadora Page Carrington 1835
        • William Carrington 花猫破解
        • Josephine Carrington 1858
        • Richardanna Carrington 1860
      • Jacob Carrington 1824 Winney Grimshaw Carrington 1826
        • John Carrington 1844
        • Mulatto John Grimshaw 花猫破解
        • Mulatto Julia Grimshaw 1850
        • Mulatto Lizza Grimshaw 1853
        • Mulatto Willy Anne Grimshaw 花猫破解版
        • Mulatto William Henry Grimshaw 1857
        • Mulatto Thornton Grimshaw 1862
      • Austin Carrington 1825 Esther Barnes Carrington 花猫破解
      • George Wormley 1820 Kitty Carrington Wormley 1828
        • Austin Wormley 1845
        • Rebecca Wormley 花猫破解版
        • Nannie Key Wormley 1849
        • Ellick Wormley 1852
        • Lloyd Wormley 花猫破解版
      • David Carrington 1831 Anne Lewis Carrington 1834
        • Emily Carrington 1852
        • Washington Carrington 1854
        • Salina Carrington 1857
      • Infant 花猫破解
    • Qua 1740 Betty 花猫破解版
      • Charles 1764 Doll 花猫破解版
      • Nancy 1765
        • Jemmy March 1789
        • Mulatto Mary Oct. 1791
        • Mulatto John Nov. 1793
        • Wonder 花猫破解
      • Chelsea 1771 Charity Feb, 1776
        • Tabia 花猫破解
          • Mulatto James March 1815
          • Quamina April 1820
          • Dolly Oct. 1822
          • Jacob Barham Dec. 1825
          • Charlotte Barham Dec. 1827
      • Bessy 1771
        • Mulatto Elsie Jan. 1793
        • Duncan Jan. 1798
        • "Little" Peggy 1800
          • Dorothy Foster Barham May 1823
          • Joe Rodney Dec. 1825
          • Elsie Foster Sept. 1828
          • Orianna Foster March 1831
        • Juno 花猫破解
        • Lemon March 1806
          • James Sweeney June 1830
        • Jarrett Jan. 1809
        • King Dec. 1812
      • Prince 1773
      • Julius 1777
      • Sophia 1779
        • Mulatto Elizabeth 花猫破解版
        • Mulatto George March 1801
        • Mulatto Nancy March 1805
          • Quadroon Eliza Parrott Nov. 1829
          • Quadroon William Parrott Dec. 1831
    • Minny 花猫破解版
      • Infant 花猫破解版
      • Mulatto Susannah June 1786
      • Mulatto Alexander July 1788
      • Boy Dec. 1790
      • Mulatto Thomas 花猫破解
      • Mulatto Andrew Oct. 1794
      • William 花猫破解版
      • Mulatto Daniel Jan. 1801
      • Sambo Kitty May 1804
        • William Blythe July 1823
        • Stephen Barham Aug. 1825
        • Mary Blythe May 1827
      • Mulatto Fanny June 1806
        • William Allen March 1830
        • Quadroon Richard Ridgard July 1834
      • James Fisher Feb. 1809
      • Girl May 1811
      • Sambo Wellington Oct. 1812
      • Sambo Joseph Foster Barham 花猫破解版
    • Harry Jackson 1778 Winney Jackson 1780
      • Betsey Jackson 1798
        • Winney Jackson 1811
      • Bill Grimshaw 1803 Esther Jackson Grimshaw 1799
        • Lizza Grimshaw 1824
          • Boy 1845
        • Jacob Carrington 花猫破解 Winney Grimshaw 花猫破解
          • John Carrington 1844
          • Mulatto John Grimshaw 1849
          • Mulatto Julia Grimshaw 1850
          • Mulatto Lizza Grimshaw 1853
          • Mulatto Willie Anne Grimshaw 花猫破解版
          • Mulatto William Henry Grimshaw 1857
          • Mulatto Thornton Grimshaw 1862
        • Anna Grimshaw 1828
        • Juliet Grimshaw 1829
        • James Grimshaw 花猫破解版 Arabella Ward Grimshaw 1839
          • Sylvia Grimshaw 1862
          • Eliza Grimshaw 1864
        • Charlotte Grimshaw 1834
        • Henry Grimshaw 1837
      • Henry Jackson 1801

    0 Total People

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    Off On

    Plantation

    Mount Airy Mesopotamia

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    Date Family
    Sarah Affir Minny Betty Winney Grimshaw Sally Thurston Franky Yeatman Criss Carrington
    1780 花猫破解 花猫破解版 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880
    What can we learn from these slave biographies?

    The people at Mesopotamia and Mount Airy suffered a terrible predicament, trapped into forced labor, with meager possibilities for personal achievement. Bare traces of their existence have been handed down to us by their captors, and represent mostly what slaveholders chose to inscribe. But by interpreting such records against the grain, these simple family diagrams and biographical sketches highlight personhood, connection, and belonging rather than proprietary accounting. Consequently, they open many fruitful lines of investigation.

    What do the fortunes of children born into Jamaican and Virginian slavery tell us about enslaved motherhood? How did interracial sex affect the meaning of family? What can we learn about the impact of displacement upon forced migrants from Virginia to Alabama? Studying the freedpeople from Mount Airy who show up in the 1870 census, do we understand something new about the first five years of freedom?

    Such thorny questions are more valuable than easy answers. For despite the challenges of viewing slave life through the lens of plantation data, the more we explore, the more we discover.

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    Principal Investigator

    Richard S. Dunn, born in Minneapolis MN in 1928, received a BA from Harvard College in 1950, an MA from Princeton University in 1952, and a PhD in History in 1955 from Princeton. He taught at Princeton, at the University of Michigan, the University of Oxford, and for 39 years at the University of Pennsylvania, retiring from Penn in 1996 as the Roy F. and Jeannette P. Nichols Professor of American History.

    Among his publications are Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630-1717 (1962), The Age of Religious Wars, 1559-1715 (1971, 2d edition 1979), Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (1972), The Papers of William Penn, 1644-1718 (4 vols.), edited with Mary Maples Dunn and seven Associate Editors (1981-1987), and The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649, edited with Laetitia Yeandle (1996).

    In 1978 Dunn founded the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania (renamed the McNeil Center in 1998), which offers dissertation fellowships to graduate students from universities in the U.S. and abroad who wish to do research in Philadelphia libraries and archives. He directed this Center in most years from 1978 to 2000.

    More Information

    A Tale of Two Plantations

    "I became interested in the history of slavery when writing Sugar and Slaves (1972), which described the rise of the slaveholding sugar planters in the British Caribbean. Convinced that Caribbean slavery was very different from U.S. slavery, I decided to compare a West Indian community of slaves with an antebellum U.S. community of slaves.

    I soon found two parallel sets of records for Mesopotamia plantation in Jamaica and Mount Airy plantation in Virginia that suited my purpose. But trying to bring the 2,000 Mesopotamia and Mount Airy people alive, and shaping their experiences into a coherent narrative, has taken much longer than I expected. A Tale of Two Plantations is the long-delayed result."    -RSD

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    Website Producer

    The History Design Studio is a workshop for the most exciting new ideas in multimedia history. Joining a commitment to the professional practice of history with an experimental approach to form and presentation, the HDS is a creative space where students and scholars can design new modes of historical storytelling. By stretching the canvas of historical scholarship, studio participants make lasting contributions to the understanding of the past and its many meanings.

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    This website was designed and built by Grafton Studio and was made possible by the material support of the Andrew W. Mellon New Directions Fellowship, Harvard University, and the Hutchins Center for African and African-American Research. History Design Studio is grateful for administrative and intellectual contributions by the following people: J.T. White, Yanni Loukissas, Sean Treacy, Alec Harrison, Luke Peters, Naor Ben-Yehoyada, Benjamin Weber, Bradley Craig, Ajantha Subramanian, Carina Schorske, Cory Paulsen, Rebecca Ladbury, and Rhae Lynn Barnes.